The Risk Assessment in Hockey Umpires Assessment Answer

Task A: Men’s FIH Cup in India

Demand for the sport

Hockey is a popular, widely celebrated sport that can be practiced for fun or competition. To play hockey well, one requires a variety of skill characteristics. The umpires' responsibilities include managing the match, enforcing hockey regulations, maintaining player safety, controlling the competition, judging fair play, and maintaining the game's momentum. The only person authorised to award a "penalty corner", penalty stroke, scoring or free shot in the vicinity. The umpire who is primarily responsible for calls the players in the half of the field. The umpire who is closest to the play is usually assigned jurisdiction for rules violations that fall within their "area of control." The umpire will typically take up an opening in the shooting circle while action is in or near it, especially if the play that is more in the centre of the court will be closest to the right-handed sideline, especially if it originates from the further side of the field (Rees H et al ., 2019). Most umpires like to be beyond and to the right of the play as the top umpire, with the leading umpire positioning himself around 15 metres behind the participating umpire at a 45-degree angle.

Makes sure all umpires have appropriate transportation to and from the event, arranges for housing, and, if necessary, confirms that tournament-specific umpiring uniforms are available. • Assures that all umpires follow and are informed of the applicable FIH and hockey rules. Rules governing the competition. • Collaborates with the FIH Sport Manager and other governing body participants, as needed. • Plans and executes pre-event meetings, including the coach's briefing, the umpire briefing, and the video umpire briefing, to guarantee uniformity in rule application and comprehension as well as a competent approach to every facet of the match or tournament. evaluates each umpire's overall efficacy, works with the TD to create an Umpire Productivity Feedback Form, and makes sure each observer has accessibility to their individual copy and final score at the conclusion of the tournament. Moreover, before departing the arena, have a debriefing with the umpires. TD will be present for the debrief. Umpire may meets deadlines for FIH submission of all event reports (“Umpire/Video or Umpire Manager”) (Brocken et al ., 2020). Hockey may have psychological burdens on an athlete in conjunction with physiological ones. Additional elements that may have an impact on the efficiency of an umpire and increase health demands are the many Hockey court substrates.

Risk Assessment

Pre-season student assignment was part of the team selection process, and talent assessment results were taken into account to form five teams with a mix of genders and ability levels. The umpire selected a candidate to take the season-long roles of cheer commander, warm-up ruler, coach, and analyst. All umpires also filled the duty-team positions of official and statistician at different times during the season. A time of team training and talent development up front, followed by meaningless preseason matches and meaningful formal combat. The skill growth stage consisted of an 8-day collaborative training camp after two days of instructor-driven skill improvement and skill evaluation exercises.

Three lessons comprised the preseason, during which time teams played meaningless games. In the eight lessons that comprised the official tournament phase each group got the chance to compete against other squads and assume the duties of a duty team in a round-robin tournament and playoffs. The umpire began by going over the fundamentals of officiating with the class, teaching them officiating indications, and giving examples while playing a sample game. Every play started with the selection of one official for monitoring (Rees H et al ., 2019). Additionally, the conclusions might not apply to teams engaging at distinct levels of concurrence, in different patterns, or with unique performing styles.

The scant examination of the datasets was further exacerbated by the absence of tactical settings, custody status, particular match occurrences, rotations, etc. An athlete catabolic and cardiovascular fitness levels will determine which energy system is used most frequently. It will take a performer with a greater degree of aerobic fitness longer to achieve the limit of anaerobic fitness (The moment at which anaerobic organs provide the performer with more energy than aerobic mechanisms). This is advantageous since there is a finite amount of energy accessible to a performer when they start working anaerobically (Lord et al., 2022). In actuality, the aerobic system will continue to aid in ATP replenishment as the intensity rises, but there will be a progressive shift from it to the anaerobic glucose synthesis and ATP-PC circuits.

Testing

The test is given by audible beeps, with the interval between each subsequent "beep" being steadily shortened. Before a "beep", athletes must go 20 meters, turn around, and walk another 20 meters. This continues until the person can no longer finish the 20-meter course in time for the "beep" to sound. The program's effectiveness was assessed using a second productivity test, which involved a 1000-meter repeated-effort shuffle run. Both player groups received only the above-described structured conditioning practices. On a 100-meter track, umpires had to cover each shuttle length as fast as they could in an escalating pyramid sequence. In the shortest amount of time possible, umpires had to finish 3.75 loops on a delineated course as possible (Warman et al., 2019). By employing a repeated shuttle run to assess cardiovascular capacity, the 3000-meter interval training program was put into place. examination (MSSR) in tandem with a typical season.

Conditioning Program

The efficiency of interval-based training is demonstrated by this prospective study of the reconditioning program, particularly when time limitations have been mandated. An umpire's lead aerobic ability might increase to a moderate degree, according to the interval training program. The program's longer duration and the residual stress ratio test's 1:1 work: rest ratio appears to have important influences (Ciematnieks et al., 2020). Two phases separated the training exercises: (i) the eight-week Preparatory Phase (PP) and (ii) the Competitive Phase. Umpire sprint lengths and designed agility routines that adjust the exercise-to-rest ratios and conditioning severity. (ii) Data were collected throughout the Competitive Round (cerebral palsy), which lasted for four weeks.

Performance Tests

The training events lasted for five days per week. With every training phase, there are variations in the volume and elevations of the training aspects. Training steadily increased in both duration and intensity throughout the preparation period. Conversely, the volume and intensity of training varied in accordance with the tournament's schedule throughout the course of the competition. During the tournament phase, highly customised hockey drills and training match play were used. In order to increase their physical fitness, the umpires trained for two hours in the morning (Armendáriz, 2023). Two hours of instructional and tactical development, including splashing tackles, set-ups, and penalties, were done in the evening workshops penalty shootouts, drills before games, etc.

Testing Procedure

• The total quantity of several days was used to define the damage burden. The number of accumulated days of missed work due to injuries per 1000 hockey participant hours was used to quantify the health burden.
• Using t-test statistics on a “bootstrap model” of 10,000 sample distributions, the extent of the injuries was measured between both groups of comparison. The annual schedule may be changed to provide more time for the acquisition of fundamental skills as well as increases in stamina and fitness.
• To lower the chance of excessive exercise and the development of muscle soreness, adjustments to the frequency and intensity of the training schedule are also crucial and should be included in the yearly plan.
• Lowering the weight lifted in every rep while executing at an elevated repetition count (Hut M et al., 2021). In order to assist trainees and volunteers in identifying areas for development or strengths, the plan specifies when tests may be administered to evaluate increases or declines in improved strength.

Testing Protocol

• In an annual plan, adjustments to the macrocycles' healing and preparing phases would need to be spread out over a longer period of time. Then anticipated in order to guarantee the umpire who suffered an injury makes a full recovery.
• Moreover, before returning to lifting large weights, using resistance bands can help someone regain their starting strength.
• Modifications that can help in rehabilitation after an injury or sickness include lowering the weights, doing more repetitions, and lengthening rest intervals.
• Modifications to the planned training curriculum reduce the danger of injury and overexertion even further, modifications to the planned training programme are needed. Modifications to the training regimen may involve working at a reduced level of simulate effort, resting longer in between rounds and attempts.

Interval training

The interval training session at which anaerobic organs provide the performer with more energy than aerobic mechanisms. An athlete's aerobic ability might increase to a moderate degree, according to the interval training program. The V_O2max treadmill assessment, which the athletes utilized, is far more precise than our estimated value. Umpire might be follow and instruct Active/Passive Hamstring, Stretch, Groin/Adductor, Rocks Scorpions, and Cossack Squats . It brings improvement in running and energy due to rest 60mints game and also boost aerobic muscle.

Annual Plan

Crucial phases of a player's match, including serving and swift direction alterations, are probably dependent on their anaerobic system. Because they will need to consume less energy during these periods, umpires with powerful energy systems can lessen this pressure on them. Exercise-induced heat exhaustion, dehydration symptoms, and metabolic heating can all have an impact on a player's overall health and performance factors. If necessary reducing the levels and frequency of training would also be required to mitigate the danger of excessive exercising (Ciematniek et al., 2022). The annual plan umpires need to postpone the onset of discomfort in the muscles, since an inexperienced athlete may find it difficult to be subjected on a heavy workload promptly.

Data collection

The assessor data is collected by survey method. The entirety of the weight raised by the person (in kilogrammes). In order to compare findings to data accepted as standard, it is crucial to gather a participant's age, weight, and gender along with their data. Coaches can determine if a subject has improved, maintained, or shown losses in power of muscles by collecting outcomes and comparing them to baseline information. Based on the previously defined definitions, the researcher would determine if the responsible party was absorbed off-task, or either actively or involuntarily involved for the duration of that play.

Training Session Plan

• Venue:

A grass field stadiumis selected for the training schedule

• Equipment needed:

Hockey Stick

Shoes

Mouth Guard

Shin Guards

Socks and Rash Guards

Stick Bag

Electrical Tape

Grip

Ball

chest Pad

Helmet

Groin/Pelvic Protector

Leg Guards

Norms/Standards

The level of exertion. (the level of effort). Glycogen from muscles and a compound called creatine phosphate will be consumed in higher quantities during severe activity, which is an anaerobic energy source. Exercise at low to medium intensity will primarily activate the cardiopulmonary system. LENGTH of workout. (The duration of your exercise) E.G. It is necessary to replenish both cerebral palsy and muscle glycogen if the activity is high volume and lasts longer than two minutes. Exercise will become less intense when the circulatory system takes over the performer's level of endurance.

Figure 1: 1RM Normative Data for Adults

Source: Research Gate

Training Session Outline

• Perform the following exercises

Arm circles

Neck rotations

Bear hugs

Torso twists

Hip circles

Leg swings

• Dynamic stretch in particular schedule

Couch stretch

90/90stretch

Laying T PEC stretch

Banded Lat stretch

Side-Lyning book openers

Hockey stick T-SPINE extension

Toes elevated ankle gliders

Monitoring Intensity

Rate estimated exertion, or retinal pigment layer is a metric used to gauge how hard a person believes they have completed a job. On the scale used for RPE, 1 represents extremely light or easy work requiring little effort, and 10 represents the greatest effort the person is capable of producing. An umpire can determine each subject of degree of effort by tracking the intensity of each activity throughout this cardio-based activity routine. The aggregate number of days missed from field hockey practice or games as a result of the injury (accumulating days of activity loss) was used to determine the complexity of each injury that was documented (Kostiukevych et al., 2019). This study's secondary finding was how much injuries affected players' readiness for play.

Figure 2 Source: Statista

Figure 3: Test Results Template

Source: NASM

Recommendations for Recovery

In the current study, professional hockey umpires in multiple positions had their optimum physical and physiological requirements examined. It is the first research that, as far as the referee is aware, describes the peak technical and physical concentrations of professional men's hockey contests in addition to the peak running and rapid acceleration intensities. In training, trainers would try to mimic the game's strenuous activities. Coaches, however, frequently adhere to match average statistics, which may understate peak match needs and fail to prepare umpires for actual match performance adequately. One possible explanation for the current study, opponents were fullbacks during the matches, therefore they were not often responsible for attacking or pressing forward forcefully during defense-to-attack changeover. This suggests that an umpire load per Minute—a sensitive metric—may be utilized to distinguish between the most intense mechanical demands of attackers and defensive midfielders. Midfield personnel and forwards had similar peak endurance and metabolic demands; nevertheless, Player stress per minute might indicate positional differences. The results indicate that there is a significant discrepancy between match standard magnitudes and peak severity levels (Shishkov, 2020). Suggested training regimens based on corresponding to the average level of exertion criteria are far from sufficient. For the players, this meant that they had two sessions of twenty minutes each week and one session of forty minutes in all. was reserved for female usage. Furthermore, there was neither time or space available for strength or gym fitness.

Figure: 5Source: NASM

Alteration of Annual Plans and Training Sessions

An umpire’s decision have suffered because of examining the responses and adaptations of several teams' heart rate variability(HRV) to training. A person's rate of recuperation may vary depending on how severe their sickness or injury was. When the commencement of an injury could be connected to a particular, identifiable incident, it was categorised as acute; alternatively, it was labelled as excessive with a specific recognizable onset. Recurrent injuries were defined as any injury occurring at the same site on the body's surface and of the same kind as a baseline injury, irrespective of whether it was an aggravation or a reinjury sustained after full healing. As Hockey is a repetitious sport, the same tissues and muscles are continually under stress, which over time can lead to chronic problems. The teacher set aside time for each team to go over the guidelines and referee signals (Shishkov, 2020). The student statisticians on each team led the discussion and gave guidance while presiding. Every official had a whistle that they would blow to halt play, and they would use gestures to determine which call was suitable. The teacher concentrated on instructing officials on signal precision and placement.

TASK B

Aerobic Demand in Ballet Dance Performance

There are 3months of consideration time for practice and performance. The Women's ballet dance concert will held in October. The Aerobic demand of dance exercise is required for adult women. They are basically in the 25+ age group. They are very passionate about their performances. Such examples of modern and highlands dance performed by dancers and/or ballet professionals. Elevated aerobic demand of workout that is intermittent has been demonstrated to be beneficial for increasing aerobic capacity. Therefore, few risk assessment cautions will be taken for the perfect execution of their dance skill. In the ballet dance, dimensions have been made during rehearsals. As a result, all of the data mentioned below is presented here to measure the physical challenges of practicing a dance.

The women's ballet dance concert is scheduled for October, so there will be three months of practice time before the big day. Adult female participants (defined as those aged 25 and up) demonstrate an extraordinary amount of energy during their dancing routines. Noteworthy, performed by both professional ballet dancers and seasoned dancers, are the performers' abilities in other genres, including contemporary and highland dance. Ballet has an own set of demands, therefore it's important for young girls to develop their dancing with an emphasis on aerobics. Because they increase the aerobic load on the body, intermittent training sessions are great for increasing aerobic capacity (Twitchett, Koutedakis and Wyon, 2009). To make sure their dancing skills are put to good use, students need to understand the importance of risk assessment. The goal of this preventative approach is to lessen the likelihood of possible obstacles in order to establish a safe and favourable environment for success.

The physical demands on ballet dancers are increased throughout practice sessions as they progressively develop the dance's features during rehearsals. The complex intricacies and physical demands of ballet dance instruction are explored in depth in this book. You may rely on this extensive data collection as a reference. Our goal in giving this data is to help people fully grasp the aerobic demands placed on them (Limaye, 1998). Because of this, a more nuanced view of the October ballet event's painstaking preparations may be fostered.

Testing Protocol

• The limiting element in 5–10 second spurts Mean overall O2 cost (ml.kg−1) was recorded during ballet dance performance. The standard approach to assessing aerobic demands in ballet dancing involves averaging the oxygen cost (ml.kg1) across 5- to 10-second intervals. The challenging and energetic nature of ballet moves must be conveyed within a constrained time restriction, which is why this duration was chosen (Redding et al., n.d.). Our goal is to show, via an examination of brief bursts of movement, the constraints that dancers may face during physically demanding performances.
• The dancer's maximum oxygen consumption (VO2) determines the amount of their aerobic contribution and the amount of their anaerobic contribution. It is vital to include dancers' maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) while attempting to determine their aerobic and anaerobic contributions. Ballet dancers' metabolic demands are impacted by this metric, which gives crucial information on the ratio of aerobic to anaerobic energy use. Anaerobic and aerobic energy systems are in a delicate balance, which may be better understood by digging more into these physiological components (Glasser et al., 2022). The thoroughness of assessing dancers' performance abilities is improved by this data.
• To assist in preparing for the various lengths of recovery times on stage, it might be helpful to experiment with the duration of breaks between the high-intensity ballet dance rehearsal sessions. It is essential to adapt the testing method to more accurately reflect real-world circumstances in light of the fact that ballet dancing involves movements of varied intensities. When planning for the various recovery times that dancers could encounter during performances, it's best to take an experimental approach. This calls for painstaking trial and error with the length of time that elapses between hard ballet training sessions. Dancers that do this show more flexibility in responding to the ever-changing demands of performances and may change their recuperation strategies to fit their routines (Holley, n.d.). To better reflect the aerobic demands and recovery dynamics inherent to ballet, the testing methodology is designed to be flexible, which recognises the need for specialised techniques.

Interval training

Dance instructor may follow some step-in interval training point to use of the energy system overall.

• The ballet dance performance lasts for 15 minutes twice at intervals of 1 hour duration. Interval training, a methodical approach, may enhance the energy systems of choreographers and dancers in ballet performances for dance teachers. This strategy involves using specialist techniques to effectively engage and stimulate various energy systems, ultimately resulting in an enhancement of overall production. Interval training is a valuable tool for enhancing physical fitness in ballet dance, where precision and endurance are crucial (Fitmotivation, n.d.).
• Shifts consist of 30–60 seconds of concentrated work. The concept of interval training is highly compatible with the structure of a ballet dance performance. The duration of the performance is fifteen minutes, divided into two halves with a one-hour interval in between. The temporal structure aligns with the concept of intervals, enabling dancers to exert themselves on stage and then strategically unwind to recuperate and be ready for the next performance.
• Dancers on average perform for 5 minutes or less. The dance performance is characterised by distinct moments of concentrated effort, lasting between thirty to sixty seconds, which correspond to changes in movement patterns. This aligns with the principles of interval training, which advocates for brief periods of high-intensity exercise followed by periods of rest or lower intensity activities (www.3dmotiondance.com, n.d.). The intervals are intentionally designed to test the stamina of dancers, enhancing their aerobic capacity while ensuring optimal recovery to uphold the consistent level of performance.
• For a while, the anaerobic or residual energy system operates. Due to the inherent characteristics of ballet, each segment typically consists of a maximum of five minutes of dance. Interval training, which emphasises rapid and intense exertions, is a very effective training method for improving intermittent performance. Moreover, the anaerobic or residual energy system is engaged when dancers are not actively engaged in performance. This phenomenon takes place during pauses when the action is not happening on stage. Dancers must adapt to changing metabolic requirements during their performance, which complicates the training strategy because to the dynamic fluctuations in energy utilisation.

Annual Plan

Exercises is mandatory for ballet dancers; Aerobic exercise includes steady-state cycling, running, and swimming, and Interval-Circuit Training will follow:

• Exercises lasting between 30 and 2 minutes are part of circuit training, which will increase the aerobic strength and capacity to ballet dance perform at high intensities. Ballet dancers follow a well-planned training programme that includes interval-circuit training and aerobic workouts. This set ensures that the dancers have all they need to give flawless ballet performances (Ausdance, n.d.). Throughout the year, the dancers will improve their abilities through a course that spans many months and focuses on various components of physical fitness.
• The length and intensity of the workouts vary, and there may be brief rest intervals in between. (First 4month of ballet dance practicing). At the outset, a four-month training regimen is typical of ballet dance preparation, with an emphasis on interval-circuit training. Using exercises that last anywhere from thirty seconds to two minutes is a hallmark of this training method. Participation in these exercises helps build aerobic strength and capacity (Diablo Ballet Blog, 2013). During each session, you'll do exercises of varied durations and intensities with brief pauses in between. It is essential for ballet dancers to maintain a constant energy level throughout performances, and this method can help them do just that. These are quick workouts that may be done at close to maximum effort.
• Concentrate on Power/Strength June-July. Training in June and July shifts its emphasis from developing speed and agility to building muscle and power. Over a long period of time, the dancers will focus on workouts that are intended to increase their physical power and general strength. Ballet performances are characterised by fast and dynamic movements, which are made possible by force-based routines. Put the attention on power and strength.
• Season of the Year Focus on the Energy System on September (last month of ballet dance preparation) without oxygen. In September, the yearly plan comes to a close. The last month to be ready to dance ballet is September. Throughout this time, we will be honing our skills in the anaerobic energy system (Diablo Ballet Blog, 2013). By carefully balancing their energy needs with the unique demands of ballet dancing, dancers may improve their performance in preparation for forthcoming performances.
• Assessing the energy requirements of balle dance or the impact of practice or execution on the respiratory health of dancers.

 (II) Involving individuals who are classified as expert and/or professional dancers in pre-vocational, competent, and/or university settings;

(III) Analysing ballet dance that is recognized effectively (classified and contemporary or other purposes of this review); and

(IV) Looking into the aspect of ballet dance activity ( individual exercises, classes, training, practice, achievement, or competition ).

Risk assessment

The “ Wingate Anaerobic Test ” has been used in the past to assess dancers' anaerobic fitness. This discovery resulted in the creation of the " Dance Aerobic Fitness Test " (DAFT), which is being employed by several dance organizations and educational institutions to track alterations in aerobic capacity over time. The current ballet dance study set out to create a dance-specific interrupted high-intensity endurance test. This implied that the action type, size, and test tempo/speed were all taken into account. A 1:2 work-to-rest ratio was established. After receiving a thorough explanation of the tests and procedures, each ballet participant gave their informed permission and filled out a medical evaluation (Priyadarshi et al., 2019).

The following were excluded from consideration:

• Conference proceedings, reviews, or commentaries. Reviews, comments, conference proceedings, and research that only looked at physical fitness assessments once are not included in the study's scope. Also, no studies were found that investigated aerobic dancing or its possible advantages in warding off different health problems.
• Studies assessing physical fitness parameters in a one-off setting; A new breed of dance physiology tests designed specifically for ballet dancers' anaerobic fitness levels has emerged in response to a paradigm shift in the study of dance performance. The "Dance Aerobic Fitness Test" (DAFT) was built upon the landmark "Wingate Anaerobic Test," which was essential in its inception. Because it allows for the systematic monitoring of changes in aerobic capacity over time, this evaluation approach is frequently employed by dance organisations and educational institutions (www.communitydance.org.uk, n.d.).
• Studies involving aerobic dance, such as exercise lessons; Developing a high-intensity endurance test tailored to the needs of ballet dancers was the principal aim of the continuing study. Careful analysis of action kinds, movement sizes, testing tempo, and speed and tempo were all crucial components of the design process. Incorporating a work-to-rest ratio of one-to-two greatly improved the accuracy of the evaluation. Participation in the study was contingent upon each ballet dancer completing a medical examination, providing informed permission, and receiving detailed information about the procedures and tests that would be performed (Priyadarshi et al., 2019).
• Studies utilizing dance as broad-spectrum health prevention. Ballet dance performances are best evaluated in a realistic setting, and dress rehearsals give just that. Important data might be more easily collected because of this. The workouts showcased in these shows did double duty: they got the audience pumping and burned calories by working out their bodies' fat stores. While this is true, a balanced approach is essential (Post EG, 2022). The role of the circulatory system in fat loss is often the focal point of debates over the relative merits of aerobic and anaerobic exercise, in his opinion. Other important organs might be suppressed or damaged as a result of overstressing the respiratory system, which is not addressed in this discussion. The myriad ways in which ballet training alters the dancer's body are further demonstrated by post EG. Weight loss is accompanied by a decline in muscle mass, strength, stamina, velocity, and metabolic rate. This complex dataset highlights the importance of teaching dancers to thoroughly analyse their aerobic and anaerobic abilities to ensure their overall health. Every ballet dancer must adhere rigidly to this rule.

Measurements were then utilized. Ballet dance conducted as part of their performance data during dress rehearsals. Exercises that increase heart rate can also be utilized to burn off extra calories, which the body stores as fat. But by overtaxing the respiratory system, Post EG "Most proponents of Aerobic vs. Anaerobic dispute heavily rely on the capability of the cardiovascular system to decrease body fat other components could become suppressed and could degenerate." Ballet dance neglect to emphasize that, ballet dance to reducing fat, dancers are also losing muscle mass, power, endurance, speed, and metabolic ability." (Post EG, 2022).

Figure: 4Source: Research Gate

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