Relative Income Assessment Answers

Student name
Course name
Professoraposs name
Institution
Date

Table of contents
Poverty/inequality/social mobility3 to10
Immigration..11 to 14
Unemployment. 14 to18
Gender wages differences18 to 21
Ethnic wage differentials.21 to 24
Housing 25 to28

Relative income is always the best way to measure poverty and social mobility. Discuss this
Introduction
Relative income refers to some individual earnings with relation to averaged income while absolute income does not consider these aspects, but it contemplates on the entire amount of earnings individuals have received in a particular period. Since relative income is a measure of ones income level in relation to others in a society, then absolute income is exclusively a representation of an individual earning at a particular time.
Understanding relative income and Absolute Income
The relative income hypothesis according to(Duesenberry 1994) which say that people make a decision regarding saving and consumption based on relative views of the society rather than their absolute level (Ball amp Chernova 2007). He argues that individuals assess their social status compared to others in society. According to the theory of consumption by John Maynard Keynes based on peopleaposs absolute income suggests that a person can consume a smaller percentage of their earnings as their absolute income grow large as it increases the rate of saving.
Poverty and social mobility
Governments, policymakers, international organizations, and practitioner use different ways to measure poverty. Poverty refers to circumstances where people are unable to live a good life due to lack of basic needs. Poverty can be absolute or relative where absolute poverty is measured according to the ability to meet standards of basic need while relative poverty is based on a benchmark of higher rank in the society and the poor (Bukodi amp Paskov 2018). Many countries consider using relative poverty as measures of poverty as it includes overall income distribution and consumption in the country.
Social mobility refers to a measure of how a person improves their state in the community. Social mobility uses two main approaches that are inter and intergeneration, relative, and absolute social mobility. The intergenerational social movement is level of which individuals achievement is ascertained by the status of parents while Intergenerational social mobility is level of which people upgrade their state by working over a specified period without considering where they come from (Wilkinson amp Pickett 2011). Relative social mobility means estimate chances of an individuals comparing with a different backgrounds class in the society or the context of the system they work while absolute social mI learned the hard way that I canapost always count on others to respect my feelings,even if I respect theirs.Being a good person doesnapost guarantee that others will be good people too.You only have to control over yourself and how to choose to be as a person.As for others,you can only choose to accept them or walk away...@inspRichovement means the levels to that individual do better compared to their parents (Marcenaro-Gutierrez, Micklewright amp Vignoles 2015).
The measure of poverty and social mobility
Peoples well-being is mostly determined by relative incomes earned. Research indicates that an estimate of happiness in peoples lives does not change when absolute income grows at the same rate as population. Relative poverty based on relative income is considered the easiest way of measuring the level of poverty in a country (Booth 2019). Absolute income has gradually increased at a higher rate than average family income in the U.S, which has result to an increase in unstable income. This means that the poor have experienced relative income decrease as absolute income increase.
UK Government gives priority on relative social mobility and intergenerational social mobility. Mobility is usually measured quantitively by changes in economic movement, for example, changes in prosperity or income. Social mobility is measured using occupational status, individuals relative income, social class, and family.
Measuring Poverty and Social Mobility by relative income (why it is the best way)
How to Measure Poverty
Measures of poverty can be
One-dimensional income, education, health (considered separately)
Multi-dimensional a combination of various measures
First measures of poverty considered mostly income or consumption (uni-dimensional) multi-dimensional measures are more recent
317500101600Poverty Measurement
UNI-
DIMENSIONAL
One Index
MULTI-
DIMENSIONAL
Multiple IndicesItem-by-Item
Aggregative One Index
2 step
MD Indices
Poverty Measurement
UNI-
DIMENSIONAL
One Index
MULTI-
DIMENSIONAL
Multiple IndicesItem-by-Item
Aggregative One Index
2 step
MD Indices

The diagram above shows poverty measurement in terms of uin-dimensional and muti-demensional. It indicates different stages design to measure poverty.
Pros and cons of Income indicator
Pros
Easy to measure due to limited basis of income.
They indicates the resources that are not use by households thus measuring households authority over resources.
Less expensive in collecting data thus enabling use of large samples.
Cons
Likely to be underreported
They are highly affected by changes in the economy such as short-term effect of change in agricultural sector.
Difficult to measure income from informal sectors and self-employment.
Lack of clear link between wealth and income
Hard to estimate average income at the reporting period.
References list
Ball,R., amp Chernova,K. (2007). Absolute Income, Relative Income, and Happiness.Social Indicators Research,88(3), 497-529. doi10.1007/s11205-007-9217-0
Booth,A. (2019). Measuring poverty and income distribution in Southeast Asia.Asian-Pacific Economic Literature. doi10.1111/apel.12250
Bukodi,E., amp Paskov,M. (2018). Income Inequality, Living Standards, and Intergenerational Social Mobility.Oxford Scholarship Online. doi10.1093/oso/9780198807056.003.0013
Heckman,J.J., amp Mosso,S. (2014). The Economics of Human Development and Social Mobility.Annual Review of Economics,6(1), 689-733. doi10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-040753
Marcenaro-Gutierrez,O., Micklewright,J., amp Vignoles,A. (2015). Social mobility, parental help, and the importance of networks evidence for Britain.Longitudinal and Life Course Studies,6(2). doi10.14301/llcs.v6i2.313
Weber, Max (1946). quotClass, Status, Partyquot. In H. H. Girth and C. Wright Mills. From Max Weber Essays in Sociology. New York Oxford University. pp.18095.
Immigration
Should the UK try to restrict immigration from the EU and/or non-EU countries
Introduction
HYPERLINK quothttps//fullfact.org/immigration/eu-migration-and-uk/quot https//fullfact.org/immigration/eu-migration-and-uk/
The figure above shows migration movement by nationality in the UK. It shows the number of migrants from 1990 to 2018 and how the numbers has being changing with change in time of different countries.
Immigration is the act of moving into another country where one does not have the right to citizenship and in order to stay or there more so as a naturalized citizen or also to gain employment like a migrant employee and as a temporary worker from a foreign country (Hammar, T. (Ed.). 1985). Britain claims that too many EU and non-EU immigrants cause the benefits system being abused and wages are decreasing. This report aims at determining whether the UK should restrict immigration from the EU and (or) non-EU countries.
The figure above show the main reason in percentages given by migrants excluding those from British. The figure compares the different reasons people migrates to Uk from different parts of the world.
EU started as a common market with four basic principles, which were free movements of goods, labor, services, and capital. The objective was mainly to come up with a free market economy so that people can trade easily and freely between and across the boundaries (Givens, T., amp Luedtke, A. 2004). The benefits were many that those that the economist thinks they can get by getting rid of such barriers, allowing services, goods, capital, and free movement of within a certain area (Geddes, A. 2008). Over the years the movements, rights were extended to allow people to people to move in search of jobs as well as taking them, which lead to mobility within the EU to increase. Now it will be unusual for people to come into a conclusion that what the results are was not expected and its not somehow what the UK expected to be the outcomes and vice versa is always true.
Some impact of jobs and wages are evident, obvious the wages are relatively high and jobs are easy to get in areas with high immigration while areas with low migration have low labor markets. Since the increase of immigration from EU and non-EU members there have been numerous studies conducted under this specific topic by use of econometric methodology to bring out the real consequences. Collection of all evidence from the government came to a conclusion that quotlittle evidence in the history of statistical impacts that are from EU migration on foreign job employment resultsquot, therefore appears that usually take jobs. In cases of wages, the image is not clear with little evidence, immigration increases wages while pulling down the available pressure on low-skilled workers earnings (Boswell 2008). Since the impacts are not many as compare to change in technology the increased need for more skilled-workers and positive consequences of the minimum required wage.
More immigrant workers to increase the supply of labor because immigrants gain money, spend it, startup businesses and many more, it raises the need for more labor. If an immigrant gets a specific job, then the British fails to take it that does not mean that he or she cannot find another good job. Generally, immigration might have good or negative consequences on wages and jobs for British workers. However, most immigrants have various different skills and experiences to native employees, so they usually complement other than acting like a substitute for natives, thus helping increasing wages and productivity of every individual.
Some immigrants are known to abuse the benefits system, but evidence that some people migrate to claim the benefits is very small. Some of the migrants are on low-paid work including self-employment and therefore they pay taxes (Huntoon, L. 1998). The number of people settling there has increased and has started to reproduce, this has become an important incident and it does not cause benefit to tourism at all.
Immigration leads to demand for public services to increase. Therefore stopping migrations would incur cost public services in losing the tax revenue that was available then it will cure the demand reduction (Borjas 2011).Despite the pressure of increasing population and a large number of kids whose English was not their first language, London schools performed excellently from other parts of the country, particularly for a number of disadvantaged children (Lipsedge amp Littlewood 2005). The recent research shows that the presence of kids from other countries improved the attainment of education of kids already there.
Conclusion
Since the government is proposing a single system to be used on all immigrants from EU and non-EU countries, it will be an advantage to high skilled workers who wish to work and live in the UK since they are given a priority. Stopping the immigrants it will not necessarily cure the problems since the advantages outweigh the advantages.
References list
Borjas, G. J. (2011).Heavenaposs door Immigration policy and the American economy. Princeton University Press.
Boswell, C. (2008). The political functions of expert knowledge Knowledge and legitimation in European Union immigration policy.Journal of European Public Policy,15(4), 471-488.
Geddes, A. (2008).Immigration and European integration beyond fortress Europe. Manchester Manchester University Press.
Givens, T., amp Luedtke, A. (2004). The politics of European Union immigration policy institutions, salience, and harmonization.Policy Studies Journal,32(1), 145-165.
Hammar, T. (Ed.). (1985).European immigration policy A comparative study. Cambridge University Press.
Huntoon, L. (1998). Immigration to Spain implications for a unified European Union immigration policy.International Migration Review,32(2), 423-450.
Unemployment
Unemployment is among the three main indicators of a countryaposs economic performance. Basically, unemployment is of three major types frictional, structural or cyclical. Cyclical unemployment is associated with the ups and downs of the business cycle (Agrawal, amp Matsa 2013). It decreases during expansions driving down unemployment is higher in recessions and lower during expansions. Frictional unemployment is associated with looking for jobs such as recent college graduates looking for jobs. Innovations such as websites and apps that make finding a job easier. Structural employment occurs due to the fact that the skills that the employers need from workers changes as the nature of economic change The aim of this policy brief is to determine how same policy alleviates the different types of unemployment and why we should not ignore all types of unemployment.

The figure above show the level of unemployment in UK, US and Eurozone from 2000 to 2015. It indicates how unemployment has being increasing and decreasing at different time in US, UK and Eurozone.
The reasons why we should fight unemployment is because when an individual loses a job the whole family is equally affected. In cases when many people lose jobs the whole country is affected. Workers fail to get income while the nation loses consumer and production spending. Therefore, that impact, the unemployment rate is a way of measuring the condition of the economy.
Unified theory of social actions, combine both politics and economics together. There exist two political policies for lowering joblessness that is demand-side policies and supply-side policies. Demand-side policies are concerned mainly with cyclical unemployment. Cyclical unemployment happens during recessions when investments and consumption starts to decrease and the economy is able to come up with an equal number of occupations as it occurred to the previous cyclical peak. When business cycles climb to their peaks, the total average economic output is being optimized hence lowering cyclical unemployment. As economic output reduces, business cycle also decreases and cyclical unemployment increases. With demand-side policies, the government lowers rates of interests of compulsory policy to stimulate credit, decrease savings and increase customers real effective disposal income. Therefore all this will increase total consumption and demand. This increases the estimated demand and should also benefit the growth of GDP.

The figure above shows demand and supply changes caused by change in income in real GDP and price.
On the other hand, supply-side policies are used to lower frictional and structural unemployment that are caused by deficiencies available in the labor market. Supply-side policy aims to overcome deficiencies that are in the labor market and decrease unemployment. Frictional unemployment occurs due to massive number of labor suppliers in the labor market with a good number of people who need employment. Secondly, the supply-side policy is linked to structural unemployment since the numbers of people in need of employment vacancies are in large number than available jobs opportunities. The employee may have the required skills or may be far away from the location of the jobs opportunities.
In this case, the government can formulate rules to try to minimize structural and frictional unemployment (Agrawal amp Matsa 2013). t. So as to minimize frictional unemployment, the government should give guidance and facts for individuals seeking jobs on the available vacancies. Also, it can give funds to public campaigns movements or some other important programs to minimize discrimination against some workers, locations or some jobs. Public policy breaks down structural unemployment through education, training, and motivational plans to equip workers with important skills required for a job.
Conclusion
There could be minimum macroeconomic problems if demand-supply freely occurs in the economy as pointed to permanent employment opportunities with rapid development and various fixed prices. Government policy is determined to decrease unemployment by training people, giving information, facilities programs to deal with all types of unemployment. The government will still face problems in the future when dealing with unemployment since there is a long way to go and much to fulfill.
References list
Agrawal, A. K., amp Matsa, D. A. (2013). Labor unemployment risk and corporate financing decisions.Journal of Financial Economics,108(2), 449-470.
Atkinson, A. B., amp Micklewright, J. (1991). Unemployment compensation and labor market transitions a critical review.Journal of economic literature,29(4), 1679-1727.
Harris, J. R., amp Todaro, M. P. (1970). Migration, unemployment, and development a two-sector analysis. The American economic review,60(1), 126-142.
Harry, H. (1987). Informal job search and black youth unemployment.American Economic Review,77(3), 446-52.
Nickell, S. (1997). Unemployment and labor market rigidities Europe versus North America.Journal of Economic Perspectives,11(3), 55-74.
Scarpetta, S., Sonnet, A., amp Manfredi, T. (2010). Rising youth unemployment during the crisis.
Gender Wage Differences
Introduction
The gender pay gap refers to the average income per hour without taking into the count of overtime pay to men and women workers articulated as a proportion of the hourly medium income of manaposs earning. According to the UK government, gender pay per gap (GPG) is referred to like the changes between the normal income of male and female in relation to manaposs incomes (Marini, M. M., amp Fan, P. L. 1997). The UK government defines some feature that leads to gender pay gap first, the large proportions of women choose less financially rewarding occupations whilst the high paying sectors are dominated by men (Light amp Ureta 1995). Also, high proportions of women are part-time workers compared to men who work on a full-time basis. Finally, women workers are more likely to advance the career ladder into important high paying roles.
There are various ways of measuring the gender gap per pay. The Northern Ireland statistics and research agency make use of median hourly pay excluding overtime. Of all UK regions, Northern Ireland has experienced flat-lining of its gender pay gap since the year 2000 (Barron, J. M., Black, D. A., amp Loewenstein, M. A. (1993). This research shows that women and men are more closely aligned than in other parts of the UK. In consideration of the recent data in terms of median pay, both full-time and part-time workers it appears that women earn more than men in Northern Ireland over the last five years( Herschamp Viscusi 1996). National statistics have revealed that the gap in favor of full-time female employee is of higher proportions of public categories jobs in Northern Ireland compared to the rest of the UK.
These results to decrease of the pay gap between employees of different sex, according to research a considerable number of women now work in public administration in Northern Ireland. This sector offers relatively high pay and lowers the pay gap. On average full-time female workers in Northern Ireland earns3.5 percent more than full-time male workers while in the UK as whole the female worker earned more by 8.6 percent more than male workers. In other words, since more females occupy more part-time jobs than male workers and these part-time jobs usually pay less than fulltime jobs which increases the gender pay gap in Northern Ireland
However, the quotInstitute for fiscal studiesquot showed that some elements recur in the gender pay gap. This gap then widens up in the late 20s as males earnings increased while that of females workers decreases (Altonji, J. G., amp Blank, R. M. 1999). This is because women usually have children to take care of thus leading to widening up of the gap since women lack work experience. The occupational choice as noted by the government of the UK is a significant responsibility in the establishment of the differences pay among different gender.
Northern Ireland has the highest proportions in the UK of employees earning below an average real living wage (Light amp Ureta 1995). It should be noted that though part-time earnings are lower (per hour) the differences for female worker shows a similar advantage. Changing comparison for male and female workers earnings results from the overall changing pattern of employment, where jobs that highly paying attracts more female employees to become a bigger part of the labor force.
Conclusion
According to 2018 data, it is evidently clear that the overall gender gap between males workers and females workers have decreased rapidly in Northern Ireland since the year 1998. Also, the gender gap was not equal across the industry or job types since some industrial sectors had wider pay more than the others. Also, the gap among male workers and female employee earnings in certain specific occupations indicates various variations. Therefore, the study on gender pay gap in Northern Ireland is still an issued that is yet to be remedied.
References list
Altonji, J. G., amp Blank, R. M. (1999). Race and gender in the labor market.Handbook of labor economics,3, 3143-3259.
Barron, J. M., Black, D. A., amp Loewenstein, M. A. (1993). Gender differences in training, capital, and wages.Journal of Human Resources, 343-364.
Hersch, J., amp Viscusi, W. K. (1996). Gender differences in promotions and wages.Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society,35(4), 461-472.
Light, A., amp Ureta, M. (1995). Early-career work experience and gender wage differentials.Journal of labor economics,13(1), 121-154.
Marini, M. M., amp Fan, P. L. (1997). The gender gap in earnings at career entry.American Sociological Review, 588-604.
Ethnic Wage Differences
Because ethnic minorities are paid on average less than the white majority, some newspapers claim that minorities work part of the year for free. Discuss this statement
Introduction
The economic and political disadvantages experienced by racial minority group increases across the globe. Such discriminations are very unfair since they drag the global economic growth and it cannot go away by itself so the governments need to act immediately. Inequality usually affects two groups long-term settled communities and recent minority population which have arrived through migration.
Although there is a remarkable improvement in the labor force market of ethnic minoritiesapos, significant minorities still remain. The whites are far more likely to get employment as compared to ethnic minorities and their wages continue to be lower than the majority of whites (Elliott, R. J., amp Lindley, J. K. 2008). Research has shown how discrimination has led to the shaping of labor force disparities. Experimental studies conducted focuses only on hiring tactics have found consistency stronger evidence of ethnic disparities with whitesapos estimates a range of between 50 to 240 percent. In a study conducted in 2004, the researcher mailed equal resumes to the employer in Chicago and Boston with use of racially identifiable names signaling race (Fang, T., amp Heywood, J. S. 2006). White names lead to a high callback which was 50 percent more than equally qualified applicants who were black. The study also indicated that qualifications improvement by applicants was a benefit to white applicants while blacks remains disadvantaged which resulted in a wide ethnic gap in callback rates for individuals who are highly skilled.
A statistical study of unemployment results the same revealing racial differences that are not counted for by examined human capital characteristics (Thernstrom, 2009). Later evidence from a suitable fixed-effects model showed that the minority ethnic takes more time looking for work gains little experience and face unstable employments than whites with equivalent similarities. Minoritiesapos ethnic male graduates are more likely to be faced involuntary employment than whites with equal qualifications and differences tend increases as the level of education rises. Also blacks and white with evident equal human characteristics go through known different employment results.
In some cases of wages differences the research reveals that the applicants who are given jobs, the whites were given average wages of 15 cents per hour more than equally qualified black partners. Some statistical evidence came up with a similar conclusion, in case of controlling work experience, parental background, tenure, education and also some training, white earn 15 percent more compared to blacks (Rafferty 2002). The findings imply that racial disparities in labor market results are because of some factors which precede the entry of labor market compared to discrimination in the labor market.
The literature points towards evidence of discrimination towards employment access, but few pieces of evidence towards wages discriminations. Different methodology accounts for different outcomes (Kunze, A. 2008). But there are enough reasons to agree with processes that affecting access to employment may be more likely to be discriminatory decisions than those that affect wages. More research regarding employment and wages may be somehow casually related, since the barrier of entry to the labor market will results in more minority wage earners sample, reducing known racial differences (Green, C. A., amp Ferber, M. A. 2005). This finding shows the benefits of discrimination modeling based on process rather than one-step outcomes, with the different skills acquisitions, blockage to entry to the labor market and the difference in wages in every part of large employment sector and shaped to different degrees by discrimination.
Conclusion
Discrimination is usually not the only reason for ethnic differences in many countries. The inequality that occurs between ethnic and racial groups is due to multifaceted and complex influences. More so the available evidence shows discrimination usually does not proceed to interfere with the opportunities allocations. Further available covert, cumulative and indirect state of these effects the recent estimations understate the level to which discrimination results in poor economic and social consequences of an ethnic disadvantaged minority group. Therefore there is improved progress which has emerged lately discrimination still remains as an important factor which helps in mounding structure of economic and social inequality.
References list
Elliott, R. J., amp Lindley, J. K. (2008). Immigrant wage differentials, ethnicity, and occupational segregation.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society),171(3), 645-671.
Fang, T., amp Heywood, J. S. (2006). Output pay and ethnic wage differentials Canadian evidence.Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society,45(2), 173-194.
Green, C. A., amp Ferber, M. A. (2005). Do detailed work histories help to explain gender and race/ethnic wage differentials.Review of Social Economy,63(1), 55-85.
Kunze, A. (2003). Gender differences in entry wages and early career wages.Annales daposEconomie et de Statistique, 245-265.
Kunze, A. (2008). Gender wage gap studies consistency and decomposition.Empirical Economics,35(1), 63-76.
Housing
The inability of most young households to achieve homeownership in London is the fault of international speculators and the failure of the authorities to provide sufficient land for new housing. Discuss the validity of this view.
Introduction
Shortage of homes with affordable prices is keeping people away from the housing ladder. In the past two decades, the opportunities of a young individual with average income bracket having a home in the Landon have halved. The research obtained from the quotInstitute for Fiscal Studies reveals how the prices of houses above income growth have continued to increase robbing the young generation the ability to purchase their own property (Oswald, A. (1999). For middle age earning between the range of 22,200 to 30,600 per annum, property ownership decreased to 27 in the year 2016 from percent some decades ago. Average income adults that were born in the 1980s are less likely to lowering down the pay range to having a home while those born in the year 1970s were more likely as their friendsapos individuals on higher income to have purchased their own property in their young age.

The figure shows changes in ownership of house by individuals aged between 25 to 34 years old. It compares the percentages differences between two periods that is between 1995 to 1996 and between 2015 to 2016 of different counties.
The study shows there is an increased difference between poor and rich and as well as old and young across the country (Ito 2005). Also illustrates the decrease in homeownership over the past few decades. Those on middle-income range experience ownership rates while those on top income range are less affected. Philip Hammond a chancellor placed assisting young buyers to climb the property ladder at the heart of November budget. This came after some few attempts to win the majority in last yearaposs elections as young adult voters flocked to labor period. As a result, the individual born in the year 1980s is less likely to be own home in their 20s compared to the most immediate predecessors (Thernstrom 2009). Properties are now expensive since the average prices are four times the annual income of buyers after tax is deducted.
In recent weeks there have been positive signs for young adults buyers since new figures revealed that first time buyers have raised to highest levels since the year 2006, assisted by lowering house prices growth since EU referendum. The government ended the stamp duty for most of firsttime buyer but it was criticized widely since it will raise the house prices thus benefiting those who already own homes (McKee 2012.) After several years of failure in housing, the government still fails to find remedies to fundamental challenges with a broken housing market (Rolnik 2013). In London owner-occupation rates have decreased steadily since the year 2003. Growth in population, unavailable new house buildings, and failure to substitute social housing sold on right-to-buy and increased prices have led to figuring dropping from 71 percent to 63 percent.
Companies Offering Land Plots in the London
Changes in land registration act has led to emerge of many companies in the London offering land as for of investment. This land is greenbelt, nature conservation, flood plain, protected land that is inappropriate for the establishment. There are no successful authorizations applications for the plots sold known in such collective investment programs.
There is a substantial amount of losses recorded by the investors in London land plot programs. Most of the British companies which offer land plots have somehow unsuccessful or been shut down by authorities. Some of the companies have moved to vanished after some investigation by FSA. Some companies usually give land plots from various locations where there no restriction such activities by local authorities or are unaware of the possible high-risk nature of this investment.
Conclusion
It is not a wonder that average home cost full-time workers more and in the future, there will still be struggles to climb a housing ladder. This makes people move the rental market which is double in size compared to the previous few decades. Research shows more homes were rented privately, with rents taking more part of salary it is not a good opportunity to save up for a deposit.
References list
Atkinson, A., McKay, S., Collard, S., amp Kempson, E. (2007). Levels of financial capability in the UK.Public Money and Management,27(1), 29-36.
Ito, M. (2005). Mobile phones, Japanese youth, and the replacement of social contact. InMobile communications(pp. 131-148). Springer, London.
McKee, K. (2012). Young people, homeownership and future welfare.Housing Studies,27(6), 853-862.
Oswald, A. (1999). The housing market and Europes unemployment a non-technical paper.Homeownership and the Labor Market in Europe.
Rolnik, R. (2013). Late neoliberalism the financialization of homeownership and housing rights.International journal of urban and regional research,37(3), 1058-1066.
Rolnik, R. (2013). Late neoliberalism the financialization of homeownership and housing rights.International journal of urban and regional research,37(3), 1058-1066.

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