Impact of COVID-19 on Smoking and Vaping – Assessment Answer

Abstract

In the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a wide range of impacts on smoking behavior and it is observed within the smoking population. Due to several containment measures, global crises and lockdowns have caused a pandemic. The population has suffered and there are several changes in the health behavior model such as substance abuse, sleep, diet, and physical activity. The methodology which is adopted is a qualitative and quantitative study. Both these research methodologies are important and both these methods will cover a wide range of aspects. The data which is present takes care of the importance of providing good resources for the stoping service and the vitality of the creation of public campaigns and how it truly increases the chances of cessation. Smokers are affected more due by COVID and it also affects their mental state. The mental state of the patient needs to be taken care of.

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has a wide range of impacts on smoking behavior and it is observed within the smoking population. Due to several containment measures, global crises and lockdowns have caused a pandemic. The population has suffered and there are several changes in the health behavior model such as substance abuse, sleep, diet, and physical activity. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people around the world have changed their day to to day lives and sociodemographic conditions. Several scientific kinds of literature have pointed out the relationship between smoking and COVID-19. During the pandemic, it has been observed that Nicotine consumption has increased (Johnston et al., 2023). Lots of studies have also suggested increased anxiety levels, isolation, and stress have occurred and this has led to an increase in cigarette consumption. As smoking affects the lungs studies have displayed the effect of smoking on COVID-19 severity and progression. However, despite several pieces of evidence which are present, the effect of smoking on COVID-19 is still unknown. Not only smoking but vaping also affects the symptoms of COVID (Bommele et al., 2020). This is because it increases inflammation and the severity of COVID-19 is increasing. The level of cardiovascular complications has also increased and illness level is affected. There has been a psychosocial effect of COVID-19 and it has affected the mental health of the patient. About 42.3% of the people who smoked during the pandemic were at high risk of mental health problems, while 21.7% who smoked less were at lower risk. This research will discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on smoking, vaping, and stopping smoking services, and how it has affected the lives of other people (Al-Tammemi et al., 2021).

Literature Review

In a research paper by Almeda, N., & Gómez-Gómez, (2020), a discussion of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global health crisis that affects the mental health in a negative manner and well-being of the population. Since 2019 several studies focus on studying the impact of COVID-19 on smoking. There are several containments such as the global crisis which has been caused by a pandemic. The Pandemic has generated socioeconomic and psychological insecurities which have impacted well-being. In this research paper secondary research has been conducted and databases should be searched. 14 cohorts and 11 publications are taken care of. Most smokers have decreased in number due to the consumption of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Lockdowns are implemented and there is a reduction in social activity. There are several limitations of this research paper and these limitations should be followed. In this research primary research has been conducted. This study states that smoking behavior is unclear and complex. In the majority of cases, smoking consumption has reduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social restriction and lockdown should be taken care of and it plays a important role in deducting nicotine consumption. Several findings support the development of intervention and prevention strategies at the time of the recovery phase. 

In another research by Bommele et al., (2020), the relationship between COVID-19 stress and smoking is studied as how this helps in smoking cessation. In this research paper, an online survey is conducted and it is a representative sample of Dutch current smokers for a long period. The results suggest that about 14.1% of smokers report less smoking when adequate interventions are adopted towards it. The stress which is related to the COVID-19 pandemic seems to affect the smoker in slightly different ways and some cases, it might increase, while it can decrease in some. The data takes care of the importance of providing great resources for the cessation service and the importance of creation of public campaigns and how it truly increases the chances of cessation.

In the research paper by Al-Tammemi et al., (2021), a belief is formed towards smoking and COVID-19, the research paper has also studied the impact of smoking and what are quit intentions. A community-based cross-sectional study has been done in Jordan and it has been studied in the research paper. In this research paper, the relationship between coronavirus and smoking has been established, and several epidemiological data have been taken care of. The smoking rate is high in Jordan, hence, the current study should aim to study the domain in the community-based sample. Several beliefs surround vaping and smoking. There is a cross-sectional study that was held in Jordan from March 9th to 16th, and a web-based structured questionnaire should be established. The result of the research paper has stated that about 1163 never smokers and 1044 current smokers have participated in the research. At the time of the pandemic, the rate of smokers has changed and hence steps are required to complete it. The conclusion of the research paper states that most of the participants' attitudes and beliefs were against smoking at the time of the pandemic. Other than this double-edged effect of the pandemic towards smoking habit should be considered carefully. Some reliable anti-smoking measures have been strengthened and it is also sustained in the country. There are several study implications and limitations. The study sheds light on the importance of the study. Several beliefs surround smoking and its common form. Several pieces of evidence suggest the effect of smoking during COVID-19. This study has certain limitations and these are: some non-probability sampling might limit the finding of results. The online survey which is present impacts the representative of the study sample, this tool targets people with an adequate level of digital literacy and access to the internet. The cross-sectional nature of the study exploring the cause-effect relationship is not feasible. The case study was majorly restricted to Arabic-speaking individuals hence, a large number of population sizes are impacted. One of the major limitations is the questionnaire and how this impacts the self-reporting states.

In Hoeppner et al., (2022), COVID-19 impacts the smokers participating in the cessation trial. It also impacts the mental status of the person and the experience of the nondaily smokers participating in the smartphone app study. The objective of the research was to provide overview insight into how COVID-19 has affected smoking and cessation efforts. The methodology which is adopted is a survey and it is a follow-up assessment of the ongoing smoking cessation study. Pre-post test which is conducted should be taken care of. Of the participants who are present about 81 are enrolled, about 67% are female, and 75% of whom are white. The conclusion which is presented in the research is that the nondaily smoker's participants involved in smoking cessation at the time of COVID-19. There is a correlation between motivation to quit with wellness change and it targets the constructs which are particularly helpful at the time of the pandemic. There are several strengths and limitations of the study, the population selected is thoroughly studied and no loophole is present. 

Methodology

Other than this primary research will be conducted, in this technique all the data is conducted using primary methods. Unlike the secondary research methodology in the primary research methodology, all the research information will be collected firsthand. Several ways can be adopted to conduct secondary research such as in the form of questionnaires or surveys. The data which will be collected will then be analyzed and then it can be used to draw any outcome which is present. In the primary research, the data is directly collected from the source and it just does not rely on the pre-existing data samples. This type of research mostly relies on pre-existing data samples (Trinh et al., 2018). This type of research is mainly relevant to where the data is collected and it should be specific to the context. Primary research is adopted because in this the data is not collected from already existing data, however, a new study is conducted. It also ensures that the information chosen is all new, updated and relevant. This allows them to identify the apt trends to be revealed. Primary research allows the person or organization to have control ownership of the data (Prada-Ramallal et al., 2018).

The review for this study will be conducted using secondary techniques, in which the main focus is on literature review and it will be conducted. In a study, existing data that has been documented in a paper, article, or documentary paper is presented. These facts or details are disclosed in publications authored by other authors. Secondary research is crucial because it can support hypothesis testing and provide answers to specific research concerns. It aids in better problem definition (Ruggiano & Perry, 2018). The databases used in this study include PUBMED and Google Scholar through the use of databases, journals, and articles. Keywords will be created and then these keywords are presented into the databases to get the article based on them to look for relevant material on the subject of research. To find relevant information on a particular subject, keywords are the terms entered into the search fields of databases. Along with it Boolean operators are also used, the Boolean operator and keywords can be used to create search strings that will aid in extracting the most pertinent articles on the subject. It's crucial to have some exclusion and inclusion criteria when searching for articles. The selection of papers that were published between 2011 and 2022 will be the inclusion criterion (Tate & Happ, 2018).

Result

The results suggest that the participants are described in full, the females and those who are smoking are more likely to not recover from COVID. A survey was conducted, which helps to provide an overview. On average COVID-19 survey occurred about 3 months after some recent assessment. In addition to the self-rated impact of COVID-19, most of the participants have reported some changes in their living conditions. COVID-19 also relates to restrictions that affect most of the participants through nonessential business. The pre-post changes in smoking should be taken care of. The abstinence rate and readiness are increased and it majorly affects post onset of COVID. There has been a significant change in the reports of drinking, however, there are a few participants who are excluded from the guidelines. Few participants have reported heavy drinking (Hoeppner et al., 2022).

Other studies suggest that smoking also affects the mental status of the person. Several studies suggest that smoking will compromise lung function. Smoking tobacco is known as a risk factor for severe disease in respiratory function. The first identified coronavirus SARDS was first identified in 2003 while it was documented in 2012. Due to low contact with people, the level of stress of people is increasing and this leads to stress. Some of the common mental health disorders are depression and anxiety. Several studies suggest that smoking leads to increased levels of depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, stress and psychiatric symptoms. Smoking damages the lungs and it affects other organs of the body. It also exposes smokers to a much greater risk of getting severely attached to the respiratory lungs and system (Tate & Happ, 2018).

Discussion

As is consistent with previous studies, several current smokers have reported an increase rather than a decrease in the smoking rate. The pandemic-related stress is directly associated with a decrease or increase in smoking. While stress affects well-being, it also makes the process of quitting difficult. In some cases, COVID-19 has severely impacted the person and it helps in becoming ill. The difficulty level is quite high and a great level of motivation is required. Great motivation is required to quit smoking, hence, lower motivation needs to be taken care of (Winter & Winter, 2018).

The result of the research papers mentioned also states that insight is provided into the overall impact of COVID-19 smokers. It is a process that has undergone quite an attempt during the first pandemic wave in the United States of America. The overall trend needs to be studied, and this increases motivation. In the study, there are several smokers and the mean age is 45.9 years, this represents about 43.9% of women. Overall about 14.1% of smokers have observed less smoking while 18.9% have observed more side effects due to smoking. An in-depth analysis has been done and it has revealed that stress levels need to be managed, so motivation should be present. Several online surveys are conducted and all these help adequate trends. The methodology which is adopted for the research paper is primary and secondary research (Ruggiano & Perry, 2018).

Conclusion

The population has suffered greatly and there are several changes in the health behavior model such as substance abuse, sleep, diet, and physical activity. All these changes are required and they will help in controlling symptoms. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people around the world have changed their day to day lives and sociodemographic conditions. Several scientific kinds of literature have pointed out the relationship between COVID-19 and smoking. During the pandemic, it has also been taken care that Nicotine consumption has leveled up. Stress affects well-being, it also makes the process of quitting difficult. In some cases, COVID-19 has severely impacted the person and it helps in becoming ill. The difficulty level is quite high and a great level of motivation is required. There are a huge number of studies that suggest that smoking leads to increased levels of depression, anxiety, stress, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and psychiatric symptoms. Smoking damages the lungs and it affects other organs of the body. It also exposes smokers to a much greater risk of getting severely attached to the respiratory lungs and system.

References

Almeda, N., & Gómez-Gómez, I. (2022). The \impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on smoking consumption: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 941575. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.941575

Al-Tammemi, A.B., Barakat, M., Al Tamimi, D., Alhallaq, S.A., Al Hasan, D.M., Khasawneh, G.M., Naqera, K. A., Jaradat, R.M., Farah, F.W., Al-Maqableh, H. O., Abuawad, A., Othman, B., Tarhini, Z., Odeh, H., Khatatbeh, M., Akour, A., Aljaberi, M.A., & Kolozsvári, L. R. (2021). Beliefs toward smoking and COVID-19, and the pandemic impact on smoking behavior and quit intention: Findings from a community-based cross-sectional study in Jordan. Tobacco Use Insights, 14, 1179173X211053022. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X211053022

Al-Tammemi, A.B., Barakat, M., Al Tamimi, D., Alhallaq, S.A., Al Hasan, D.M., Khasawneh, G.M., Naqera, K.A., Jaradat, R.M., Farah, F.W., Al-Maqableh, H.O., Abuawad, A., Othman, B., Tarhini, Z., Odeh, H., Khatatbeh, M., Akour, A., Aljaberi, M.A., & Kolozsvári, L.R. (2021). Beliefs toward smoking and COVID-19, and the pandemic impact on smoking behavior and quit intention: findings from a community-based cross-sectional study in Jordan. Tobacco Use Insights, 14, 1179173X211053022. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X211053022

Bommele, J., Hopman, P., Walters, B.H., Geboers, C., Croes, E., Fong, G.T., Quah, A. C.K., & Willemsen, M. (2020). The double-edged relationship between COVID-19 stress and smoking: Implications for smoking cessation. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 18, 63. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/125580

Bommele, J., Hopman, P., Walters, B.H., Geboers, C., Croes, E., Fong, G.T., Quah, A. C.K., & Willemsen, M. (2020). The double-edged relationship between COVID-19 stress and smoking: Implications for smoking cessation. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 18, 63. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/125580

Hoeppner, S.S., Carlon, H.A., Kahler, C.W., Park, E.R., Darville, A., Rohsenow, D.J., & Hoeppner, B.B. (2021). COVID-19 impact on smokers participating in smoking cessation trials: The experience of nondaily smokers participating in a smartphone app study. Telemedicine Reports, 2(1), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmr.2021.0008

Johnston, E., Bains, M., Hunter, A., & Langley, T. (2023). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on smoking, vaping, and smoking cessation services in the United Kingdom: A qualitative study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 25(2), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac227

Prada-Ramallal, G., Roque, F., Herdeiro, M. T., Takkouche, B., & Figueiras, A. (2018). Primary versus secondary source of data in observational studies and heterogeneity in meta-analyses of drug effects: A survey of major medical journals. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0561-3

Ruggiano, N., & Perry, T.E. (2019). Conducting secondary analysis of qualitative data: Should we, can we, and how?. Qualitative Social Work : QSW : Research and Practice, 18(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325017700701

Tate, J.A., & Happ, M.B. (2018). Qualitative secondary analysis: A case exemplar. Journal of Pediatric Health Care: Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners, 32(3), 308–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.09.007

Trinh Q.D. (2018). Understanding the impact and challenges of secondary data analysis. Urologic Oncology, 36(4), 163–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.11.003

Winter, S.F., & Winter, S.F. (2018). Human dignity as leading principle in public health ethics: a multi-case analysis of 21st century German health policy decisions. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(3), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.67

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