HNN318 Care of the Older Person Assessment Answer

Biological Theories of Ageing That May Explain Physiological Effects of Ageing and How These Changes May Impact Joseph

In the realm of biology, ageing theories can be broadly classified into two categories: programmed as well as non-programmed. The programmed theories suggest that ageing is an inherent process that is genetically predetermined, while the non-programmed theories propose that ageing is a result of cumulative damage and wear and tear. The programmed theories of ageing are rooted in the concept of a biological clock, which regulates the lifespan of an organism. In other words, the ageing process is predetermined by genetic factors, and it occurs at a predetermined rate. On the other hand, the non-programmed theories of ageing attribute the ageing process to environmental factors such as exposure to toxins, radiation, and stress (Jin, 2019). These factors cause molecular damage and impair the biological systems' ability to repair the damage, leading to ageing. These biological theories of ageing have significant implications for Joseph and his physiological well-being. By understanding the underlying mechanisms of ageing, it is feasible to develop interventions that prolong health-span and prevent age-related diseases.

• Free Radical Theory: The Free Radical Theory of Ageing hypothesizes that the ageing process is a consequence of oxidative damage caused by highly reactive molecules known as free radicals. These molecules can impair cellular structures such as lipids, DNA, and proteins. As individuals age, their ability to remove free radicals from their bodies reduces, leading to an increase in oxidative damage. This, in turn, can result in a variety of age-related disorders, including cognitive decline, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In the case of Joseph, his hypertension and depression is augmenting the oxidative stress that he is experiencing, thereby worsening his age-related decline. It is imperative to recognize the role of oxidative stress in the development of age-related disorders and to implement interventions that can alleviate this stress, such as lifestyle changes and the use of antioxidants (Sattaur, Lashley & Golden, 2020).
• Cellular Aging Theory: The theory of cellular aging posits that the process of aging is instigated by deterioration in the capacity of cells to repair themselves and replicate. When cells mature, their ability to divide and restore themselves dwindles, which results in a loss of tissue function and a higher susceptibility to ailments. In the case of Joseph, this theory could elucidate his physical frailty and instability while walking. As cells age, they become progressively less capable of mending damage caused by falls or other injuries, leading to a decline in physical performance. This could also underlie Joseph's general lack of energy and drive, as his cells become less proficient at producing and storing energy (Everitt et al. 2023).
• Wear and Tear Theory: In consonance with the wear and tear theory, aging is attributed to the accumulation of injury to organs and tissues over time, resulting from environmental factors such as exposure to toxins, stress, and physical exertion. In Joseph's scenario, this theory could account for the condition of his residence and his strained relationship with his daughter. As a retired immigrant living on a meagre pension, Joseph have limited resources to upkeep his dwelling or finance its repairs, culminating in a decline in the overall state of his living environment. This could also contribute to his despondency and lack of impetus, as he feels confined in his deteriorating surroundings.

In general, the biological theories of ageing propose that Joseph's age-related decline could potentially arise from the interplay of various factors, including oxidative stress, hormonal fluctuations, and a decline in immune function. These alterations contribute to his physical frailty, cognitive decline, and mood disturbances. To address these age-related changes, a combination of lifestyle adjustments and medical interventions is necessary. Lifestyle modifications, such as enhancing nutritional intake and increasing physical activity, can be deemed beneficial along with medical interventions, such as medication management for hypertension and depression. Furthermore, social support and engagement plays a crucial role in maintaining emotional well-being all while reducing social isolation (Yu & Gargett, 2023).

Physical Changes That Occur in the Cardiovascular System That May Increase Health Risks for Joseph

The ageing process is recognized to be linked with numerous physiological alterations in the cardiovascular system that might lead to heightened health risks for individuals. These changes include:

• Arterial stiffness: With age, the arterial walls become increasingly rigid and less flexible due to the accumulation of calcium aside from other substances. Consequently, the arteries then experience difficulty in expanding and contracting with each heartbeat, resulting in elevated blood pressure levels. Joseph’s hypertension could be attributed to this age-related alteration, which could substantially elevate his risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease (Everitt et al. 2023).
• Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of fatty deposits (plaque) within the arterial walls, which can result in the constriction of blood flow and an increased risk of stroke and heart disease. This pathological process is more commonly observed in older individuals and can be aggravated by unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as the consumption of a poor diet and cigarette smoking. Joseph’s alcohol abuse can act as a contributing factor in the development of atherosclerosis (Mavritsakis, Mîrza & Tache, 2020).
• Cardiac muscle changes: The process of ageing can give rise to structural and functional modifications in the myocardium, which include augmented thickness of the heart walls, reduced contractile capability, and diminished reactivity to stress. These changes could potentially enhance the likelihood of developing multiple cardiac conditions, including but not limited to arrhythmias and heart failure.
• Autonomic dysfunction: The ageing process can also exert an impact on the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for regulating various cardiovascular functions, including heart rate and blood pressure. Dysfunction of this system could lead to a decline in the ability to efficiently regulate heart rate and blood pressure, thereby increasing the risk of developing hypertension, stroke, and heart disease (Mager, 2022).

The presence of hypertension, alcohol abuse, and absence of proper heating in Joseph's residence are all factors that could potentially exacerbate the age-related alterations in his cardiovascular system. These modifications might augment the probability of developing multiple cardiovascular disorders, including stroke, heart disease, and other related conditions. Additionally, Joseph’s frail physical state and previous history of falls could elevate the risk of complications associated with these ailments.

In order to alleviate the potential risks associated with Joseph's condition, it is imperative that he receives periodic medical check-ups to effectively manage his hypertension and other underlying health issues. Encouraging Joseph to adopt healthy lifestyle practices, such as limiting alcohol consumption along with improving his dietary habits apart from increasing physical activity, can prove beneficial in the long run. Furthermore, ensuring that his living environment is secure and warm could reduce the likelihood of complications related to cardiovascular disorders. Lastly, addressing his social isolation and providing emotional support can positively impact his cardiovascular health (Khotamov, 2022).

Factors That May Put Joseph at Risk of Depression

The case scenario of Joseph portrays diverse elements that might predispose him to depression. The demise of his spouse eight years ago could be the primary cause of his depressive state, as he has been experiencing feelings of loneliness and seclusion ever since.

• The lack of social backing or companionship further contributes to his depressive symptoms, which could be intensified by his strained relationship with his daughter. Joseph's unsteady gait also impedes his ability to participate in physical activities, leading to a sedentary lifestyle that could exacerbate his depressive symptoms (Zhang & Jin, 2020).
• Joseph's living conditions could also be a contributing factor to his depressive state. His antiquated, inadequately maintained domicile, combined with a lack of heating, could result in him feeling frigid, uneasy, and disconnected, particularly during the winter season. Furthermore, his monetary limitations, as evidenced by his reluctance to use heating owing to apprehensions about the power bills, could potentially intensify his depressive symptoms.
• Alcohol consumption of Joseph also played a role in his depressive state. As per his daughter's account, his alcohol intake has gradually escalated following his wife's demise. The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates for a restriction on alcohol consumption to 14 grams of absolute alcohol. Nevertheless, as observed by his daughter, Joseph exceeded this limit by a considerable margin. Alcohol, being a depressant, could contribute to depression, particularly in older adults, as their body's ability to metabolize alcohol is diminished (Halim & Halim, 2019).
• Neglecting to address Joseph's depressive symptoms could augment his health risks such as hypertension. Depression has been linked to an array of adverse health consequences, such as impaired physical health, cognitive decline, and heightened mortality risk. Moreover, depression could exacerbate pre-existing health ailments, such as hypertension, as it results in inadequate adherence to medication schedules and suboptimal self-care practices (Pericles, 2019).
• Furthermore, depression could raise the probability of falls, which Joseph has already encountered. Individuals suffering from depression might experience compromised balance and motor coordination, resulting in a greater likelihood of falling. Additionally, depression could cause a reduction in muscle strength and mass, which could further increase the risk of falls.
• The inadequate nutritional state of Joseph, as demonstrated by his aversion to cooking, might amplify his health hazards. Insufficient nutrition could result in a myriad of unfavorable health consequences, such as malnourishment, weight loss, and reduced immune function, which could heighten the vulnerability to infections and other health conditions.

Identification and Analysis of One Sociological Risk Factor

The presence of a sociological risk factor that could potentially influence Joseph's health risk is social isolation. As an elderly individual residing alone, Joseph is susceptible to social isolation, which could adversely impact his physical and psychological well-being. The phenomenon of social isolation arises when an individual experiences a dearth of social connections or significant engagements with others. This can stem from several factors, such as living alone, physical or psychological infirmities, restricted mobility, and inadequate social support. Regarding Joseph's circumstances, he leads a solitary life and shares a strained relationship with his daughter, which could curtail his social interactions and support (Yu & Gargett, 2023).

The consequences of social isolation can prove detrimental to an individual's well-being, as it raises the likelihood of developing depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. Joseph, who has been grappling with depression ever since his wife's demise eight years ago, may have his social isolation playing a role in exacerbating his depressive symptoms. Furthermore, his dearth of social connections also contributes to his increased consumption of alcohol, as he turns to alcohol as a coping mechanism to alleviate his loneliness. Furthermore, the deleterious consequences of social isolation on physical health encompass an elevated likelihood of experiencing cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cognitive decline. The combination of Joseph's feebleness along with hypertension renders him particularly susceptible to these health hazards, emphasizing the imperative of addressing his social isolation to mitigate such potential health ramifications. In addition, social isolation can impede an individual's ability to obtain healthcare and gain access to resources that promote health. Given Joseph's isolated status, he lacks comparable access to social support and resources compared to those with robust social connections. Consequently, Joseph does not have the necessary assistance with daily household tasks or errands, or reminders to adhere to his medication regimen. Such a scenario always heightens his vulnerability to falls, medication non-adherence, and other deleterious health consequences (Sattaur, Lashley & Golden, 2020).

For the sake of ameliorating the detrimental impact of social isolation, healthcare providers should consider initiating interventions that foster social connections and support. One such measure involves linking Joseph with nearby community resources, such as senior centres, that provide social activities and support groups. Additionally, healthcare providers should refer him to a case manager or social worker who can assist him with his social requirements, such as facilitating access to social services or organizing transportation for medical appointments.

References

Everitt, T., Davies, M., Wadsworth, L., & Yantha, B. (2023). Theories of Aging. Nutrition in Aging.

Halim, M., & Halim, A. (2019). The effects of inflammation, aging and oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes). Diabetes & metabolic syndrome: clinical research & reviews, 13(2), 1165-1172.

Jin, K. (2019). A microcirculatory theory of aging. Aging and disease, 10(3), 676.

Khotamov, A. T. (2022). Influence Of Physical Wear And Tear On The Durability Of Building Structures Of Apartment Buildings. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 183-188.

Mager, D. R. (2022). Theories of Aging. Gerontological Nursing: Competencies for Care, 47.

Mavritsakis, N., Mîrza, C. M., & Tache, S. (2020). Changes related to aging and theories of aging. Health Sport. Rehabil. Med, 21, 252-255.

Pericles, S. (2019). The Role of mtDNA Mutation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction on the Aging Process.

Sattaur, Z., Lashley, L. K., & Golden, C. J. (2020). Wear and Tear Theory of Aging.

Yu, W., & Gargett, T. (2023). A Poisson distribution-based general model of cancer rates and a cancer risk-dependent theory of aging. bioRxiv, 2023-03.

Zhang, H., & Jin, K. (2020). Peripheral circulating exosomal miRNAs potentially contribute to the regulation of molecular signaling networks in aging. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(6), 1908.

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