HLTH1012: Indigenous Health for Health Sciences Assessment Answer

Introduction

Coronary Heart Disease, which is more commonly referred to as CHD is recognized as a major heart ailment which is suffered by millions of Australians. The pathophysiology that substantiates the ailment revolves around blood vessels constriction, which inherently reduces the supply of oxygen to the heart, along with other nutrients. As a consequence of which, symptoms such as breath shortness, heart attack or chest pain emanate among the subjects (Dibben et al. 2021). The following study revolves around assessing the social determinants associated with developments of coronary heart disease across Australia, followed by executing an in-depth analysis of social determinant’s ramification in relation to coronary heart disease.

Overview of Current Australian Epidemiology on CHD

Across Australia, CHD is considered to be one of the leading causes of demise, nearly accounting for 12% of all deaths that occurred in 2019 alone. Aside from affecting both women and men, the feasibility of CHD to be developed among men is considerably higher in Australia with respect to females. The risk of developing CHD enhances with time. To put it in simple perspective, the feasibility of CHD to take place in individual above 45 years old is substantially higher in Australia (Cushman et al. 2021). On top of that, Indigenous Australians are more prone to be affected by CHD due to inadequate socioeconomic backgrounds. In certain parts of Australia due to improved lifestyle and certain amendments in daily way of living has assisted individuals to experience less probability of CHD to take place. However, CHD still pose a great threat across Australian population at large (Juarez-Orozco et al. 2019).

The social determinants pertaining to health that insinuates the development of CHD among subjects are hereby mentioned below:

• Socioeconomic status: People from marginalized communities who suffer from socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to be affected by the ailment due to limited accessibility to affordable housing, quality food and adequate health care. On top of that, participating in unhealthy behaviors such as physical inactivity or smoking also enhances the risk of CHD among individuals (Katta et al. 2021).
• Education: Lack of education regarding symptoms or detrimental practices which could essentially lead to CHD among individuals, specifically youth in Australia, is one of the significant reason as to why the ailment takes place even in younger people (Chen et al. 2020).
• Employment: Job uncertainty and insecurity enhances the feasibility of CHD due to stress. Long hours of working also contribute to the CHD development phenomena.
• Housing: Inappropriate housing conditions such as exposure to environmental hazard or overcrowding potentially augments the risk of CHD (Davranovna et al. 2022).
• Access to healthcare: As far as healthcare services is concerned, if appropriate access is not feasible for an individual, then the probability of CHD occurrence in the first place enhances, due to poorly managed lifestyle or unhealthy practices is substantially high it also increases the complication associated with the ailment.

From the aforementioned points it can be inferred that social determinants play an instrumental role in developing and shaping CHD across Australia. Hence, incorporating intervention strategies that could potentially address such issues would reduce the burden of the ailment and augment overall health outcome (Zhou et al. 2021).

Definition of the social model of health AND explanation of why this framework is useful. Description of social determinants relevant to the health condition selected

The social model of health is a paradigm that accentuates the influence of social, economic, and environmental determinants on health outcomes. This model acknowledges that health is not exclusively governed by biological or medical factors, but also by social factors such as income, education, employment, housing, and social capital. The social model of health acknowledges that social disparities and injustices can result in adverse health outcomes for certain cohorts and endeavours to rectify these structural factors to enhance health outcomes. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is profoundly influenced by social determinants of health, which significantly shape its onset and progression (Vaccarino et al. 2020). These determinants encompass a range of factors, including income, education, occupation, housing, and access to healthcare. Individuals hailing from lower socio-economic backgrounds are at a heightened risk of developing CHD due to a confluence of factors, such as elevated rates of smoking, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition. These factors can contribute to the development of hypertension, high cholesterol, and obesity, all of which are pivotal risk factors for CHD (Juarez-Orozco et al. 2019). Furthermore, individuals from deprived socio-economic backgrounds may encounter obstacles in accessing healthcare, such as lack of health insurance, transport, or time off work, which may impede their ability to manage and treat CHD optimally. Furthermore, the structural factors that perpetuate social inequalities, such as discrimination, lack of access to education or employment opportunities, and inadequate healthcare access, can also contribute to the development and progression of CHD. Environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins and air pollution, also play a significant role in the incidence of CHD (Dong et al. 2019).

In-depth explanation of selected social determinants’ impact on the development of the health condition selected

Socioeconomic status is a critical social determinant that afflicts CHD prevalence. Simply put, lower SES leads to CHD, owing to the fact that individuals practicing smoking or participating in stressful activity tend to have lower SES, which enhances the risk factor as well as co-morbidities pertinent with CHD. In addition to that, dearth of adequate knowledge regarding the determinant inherently restricts an individual from participating in healthy activity, which enhances health and mental well-being (Han et al. 2019). Subsequently, the risk factor coherent with CHD is perpetuated, due to inadequate knowledge. Higher level of education increases accessibility to healthcare resources so that healthcare systems can be better navigated (Zhou et al. 2021). Moreover, social support is a crucial determinant that can impact CHD, since social isolation or lack of social support can increase the risk of CHD development and can have a negative impact on disease management. Additionally, the physical environment is another social determinant that can influence CHD. Access to green spaces and opportunities for physical activity can improve CHD risk factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and obesity. Conversely, exposure to air pollution and other environmental toxins can contribute to the development of CHD (Davranovna et al. 2022).

Conclusion

To conclude it can be stated that social determinants such as education, employment and social support play a quintessential role in the development of coronary heart diseases. The social model of health provides a framework that is useful for gaining cognizance as well as addressing these determinants so that better health outcomes can be advocated.

References

Chen, Y., Gong, X., Wang, L., & Guo, J. (2020). Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. MedRxiv, 2020-03.

Cushman, M., Shay, C. M., Howard, V. J., Jiménez, M. C., Lewey, J., McSweeney, J. C., ... & American Heart Association. (2021). Ten-year differences in women’s awareness related to coronary heart disease: results of the 2019 American Heart Association National Survey: a special report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 143(7), e239-e248.

Davranovna, M. K., Alisherovna, K. M., Erkinovna, K. Z., & Nizamitdinovich, K. S. (2022). Assessment of the Quality of Life of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. The Peerian Journal, 11, 44-50.

Dibben, G., Faulkner, J., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., Thompson, D. R., Zwisler, A. D., & Taylor, R. S. (2021). Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11).

Dong, Y., Chen, H., Gao, J., Liu, Y., Li, J., & Wang, J. (2019). Molecular machinery and interplay of apoptosis and autophagy in coronary heart disease. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology, 136, 27-41.

Han, Y., Xie, H., Liu, Y., Gao, P., Yang, X., & Shen, Z. (2019). Effect of metformin on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery diseases: a systematic review and an updated meta-analysis. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 18(1), 1-16.

Juarez-Orozco, L. E., Saraste, A., Capodanno, D., Prescott, E., Ballo, H., Bax, J. J., ... & Knuuti, J. (2019). Impact of a decreasing pre-test probability on the performance of diagnostic tests for coronary artery disease. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging, 20(11), 1198-1207.

Katta, N., Loethen, T., Lavie, C. J., & Alpert, M. A. (2021). Obesity and coronary heart disease: epidemiology, pathology, and coronary artery imaging. Current problems in cardiology, 46(3), 100655.

Vaccarino, V., Badimon, L., Bremner, J. D., Cenko, E., Cubedo, J., Dorobantu, M., ... & ESC Scientific Document Group Reviewers Lancellotti Patrizio Carneiro António Vaz. (2020). Depression and coronary heart disease: 2018 position paper of the ESC working group on coronary pathophysiology and microcirculation. European heart journal, 41(17), 1687-1696.

Zhou, Y., Zhu, X., Cui, H., Shi, J., Yuan, G., Shi, S., & Hu, Y. (2021). The role of the VEGF family in coronary heart disease. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 8, 738325.          

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